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Abstract All traditional water treatment facilities use the highly successful technique of rapid sand filtration. The fundamental issue is stratification, which prevents the full application of the sand bed utilized. Additionally, a lot of the fast sand filters are plagued by issues including mud ball development, subpar effluent, and a high backwash water requirement. The limitation of quick sand filters can be overcome by dual media and multimedia filters. In contrast, higher filtering rates might even be attained. However, due to the scarcity of filter materials other than sand and coconut shell in India, the application of such methods is restricted. The performance of existing fast sand filters could be improved by covering them with coconut shells. The method of capping involves covering the filtration media with stability caps, such as crushed coconut husks, anthracite coal, and bituminous coal. By using coconut shell as a capping material in a small scale study, an attempt is made to test the effect of capping a fast sand filter. A comparative analysis revealed that a greater filter run and higher quality rate of filtration are both feasible, as are lower backwash requirements.

A typical method for eliminating tiny particles from water is filtration. Sand filters are used in almost all typical surface water treatment facilities and some ground water treatment methods. In the treatment of used surface water, the quick sand filter is nearly often utilized. Some pre-treatment of the raw water is normally required, such as sedimentation. The majority of water treatment facilities have undergone changes as a result of rising demand, which is highlighted by a greater filtration rate. Higher filtration rates can be attained or this sand filter constraint can be managed using dual media filters. However, due to the scarcity of filter materials other

NECESSITY OF TREATMENTOFWATER

Surface water that is made available for public use must be transportable and suitable for drinking from the perspectives of its chemical, physical, and biological qualities. Drinking water needs to be portable and come from an unpolluted source. However, the raw water typically available from surface water isn't directly fit for drinking. Producing drinkable water that is mobile and safe is the goal of water treatment.

For a person to survive, there must always be access to clean water. Before being made available to the general public for residential or other usage, the available raw waters must first be cleaned and cleansed. The treated water needs to be made secure, pleasing to the eye, and appealing to the taste and tongue of people. Any water supply plan's main goal is to provide enough clean water in a timely manner. Clay and suspended solids at high concentrations are the main obstacle to using surface water as a source of water supply. The most popular technique for removing clay and suspended particles is filtering. In the filtering process, suspended particles are retained in the water after it passes through a bed of pervious material. Rapid and slow sand filters are frequently employed in surface water filtration to remove clay and suspended particulates from the water. Rapid sand filtration is the most often used method of surface water treatment for municipal water supply because it requires less space, has a higher output, and is more flexible. Coagulation-flocculation, filtration is the most economical technology for treating low turbid surface water since it is simple to operate and requires

HARDNESSIN WATER

Divalent metallic cations are responsible for hardness. Calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous, and manganese cations are the main hardness- inducing ions. These cations are primarily accompanied by the anions sulphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and nitrates. Significant regional differences exist in the hardness of water. Water on the surface is typically softer than water underneath. The type of geological formations that have come into touch with the water have an impact on its hardness. CaCO3 at 300 mg/l is the IS value for drinking water.

DETERMINATIONOF CHLORIDE

When the concentration of chloride linked with sodium exceeds 250 mg/l, the flavour is salty. Chloride does not pose any risks to human health, but it corrodes concrete because it produces hydrochloric acid, which is also very corrosive and problematic for suckers, when calcium is extracted from water in the form of calcite (MgCl2), or magnesium chloride.

DETERMINATIONOF NITRATE:

In the presence of an alkaline media, the nitro derivative that is created when nitrate and phenol disulphonic acid react turns yellow. According to Beer's law, the amount of nitrate present in the sample directly correlates to the colour produced.

Source:

https://www.ijert.org/a-performance-study-of-a-dual-media-filter-for-surface-water-treatment